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Besides private practice, they can always aspire to ing a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, administrative law judge, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician.[72] There are also many non-legal jobs which legal training is good preparation for, such as corporate executive, government administrator, investment banker, or journalist. In developing countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields.[73] In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross.

After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained. For example, unlike their American counterparts,[74] it is difficult for German judges to leave the bench and e advocates in private practice.[75] Another interesting example is France, where for much of the 20th century, all magistrates were graduates of an elite professional school for judges.

Although the French magistracy has begun experimenting with the Anglo-American model of appointing judges from plished advocates, the few advocates who have actually joined the bench this way are looked down upon by their colleagues who have taken the traditional route to magistracy.[76] In many countries, lawyers are general practitioners who will take almost any kind of case that walks in the door.[77] In others, there has been a tendency since the start of the 20th century for lawyers to specialize early in their careers.[78][79] Lawyers in private practice generally work in specialized businesses known as law firms, with the exception of English barristers. The vast majority of law firms worldwide are small businesses that range in size from 1 to 10 lawyers.

The United States, with its large number of firms with more than 50 lawyers, is an exception.[80] The United Kingdom and Australia are also exceptions, as the U.K., Australia and the U.S. are now home to several firms with more than 1,000 lawyers after a wave of mergers in the late 1990s.

Notably, barristers in England and Wales and some states in Australia do not work in law firms. Those who offer their services to the general public — as opposed to those working in house — are required to be self-employed.

Most work in groupings known as sets or chambers, where some administrative and marketing costs are shared. An important effect of this different organizational structure is that there is no conflict of interest where barristers in the same chambers work for opposing sides in a case, and in some specialised chambers this monplace.

Lawyers are paid for their work in a variety of ways. Lawyers in private practice may work for an hourly fee, contingency fee, lump sum payment, or retainer.

In many countries there are fee-shifting arrangements by which the loser must pay the winners fees and costs. Lawyers working directly on the payroll of governments and corporations usually earn a regular annual salary.

Finally, lawyers can volunteer their labor in the service of worthy causes through an arrangement called pro bono for mon good. In some jurisdictions, either the judiciary[81] or the Ministry of Justice[82] directly supervises the admission, licensing, and regulation of lawyers.

Other jurisdictions, by statute, tradition, or court order, have granted such powers to a professional association which all lawyers must belong to.[83] In the U.S., such associations are known as mandatory, integrated, or unified bar associations. In monwealth of Nations, similar organizations are known as Inns of Court, bar councils or law societies.[84] In civil law parable organizations are known as Orders of Advocates,[85] Chambers of Advocates,[86] Colleges of Advocates,[87] Faculties of Advocates,[88] or similar names.

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